Robotaxis
Autonomous passenger vehicle fleets, automated driving systems (ADS), driverless permits, and commercial ride-hailing operations.
Active Deployments
[380 Recorded]- Apollo RT6 at Abu Dhabi[OPERATIONAL]
Abu Dhabi · Jun 1, 2024 · Baidu · Apollo RT6
Details - Apollo RT6 at Dubai[OPERATIONAL]
Dubai · Mar 30, 2026 · Baidu · Apollo RT6
Details - Apollo RT6 at Chongqing[OPERATIONAL]
Chongqing · Aug 8, 2022 · Baidu · Apollo RT6
Details - Apollo RT6 at Shenzhen[OPERATIONAL]
Shenzhen · Jan 1, 2024 · Baidu · Apollo RT6
Details - Apollo RT6 at Beijing, China[OPERATIONAL]
Beijing, China · Dec 29, 2022 · Baidu · Apollo RT6
Details - Aurora at Fort Worth[OPERATIONAL]
Fort Worth · Jun 1, 2024 · Aurora Innovation · Aurora
Details - Aurora at Dallas-Houston Corridor, Texas, USA[OPERATIONAL]
Dallas-Houston Corridor, Texas, USA · Jun 1, 2024 · Aurora Innovation · Aurora
Details - Aurora Driver at Texas[OPERATIONAL]
Texas · Jun 1, 2024 · Aurora Innovation · Aurora Driver
Details - Aurora Driver at Texas[OPERATIONAL]
Texas · Jun 1, 2024 · Aurora Innovation · Aurora Driver
Details - Aurora Driver at Fort Worth-El Paso Corridor, Texas, USA[OPERATIONAL]
Fort Worth-El Paso Corridor, Texas, USA · May 1, 2024 · Aurora Innovation · Aurora Driver
Details - Aurora Driver at Dallas-Houston Corridor, Texas, USA[OPERATIONAL]
Dallas-Houston Corridor, Texas, USA · May 1, 2024 · Aurora Innovation · Aurora Driver
Details - Aurora Driver at Texas[OPERATIONAL]
Texas · Apr 11, 2025 · Aurora Innovation · Aurora Driver
Details - Autoware at Komatsu, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan[OPERATIONAL]
Komatsu, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan · Mar 1, 2024 · Tier IV · Autoware
Details - AutoX RoboTaxi at Shenzhen[OPERATIONAL]
Shenzhen · Dec 1, 2020 · AutoX · AutoX RoboTaxi
Details - Avride Robotaxi (Hyundai Ioniq 5) at Austin[OPERATIONAL]
Austin · Dec 1, 2025 · Avride · Avride Robotaxi (Hyundai Ioniq 5)
Details
Hardware Platforms & Robot Models
[130 Indexed]- Avride Robotaxi (Hyundai Ioniq 5)[PILOT][2025–2026]
Avride's robotaxi, a fully-electric Hyundai Ioniq 5 equipped with Avride's automated driving system (ADS).
Avride · robotaxis · 5 deployments
View spec - ROii[PILOT][2025–2026]
Level 4 autonomous vehicle developed by Autonomous A2Z with 96% domestically produced components.
Autonomous A2Z · robotaxis · 4 deployments
View spec - Tensor Robocar[PILOT][2017–2026]
World's first personal Level 4 autonomous vehicle for private ownership, featuring 100+ sensors (37 cameras, 5 lidars, 11 radars), dual-mode operation (manual + autonomous), foldable steering wheel, and an AI agent powered by Tensor Foundation Models.
Tensor Auto · robotaxis · 4 deployments
View spec - Mobileye Drive[PILOT][2023–2026]
Mobileye Drive is a full Level 4 autonomous vehicle platform integrating the EyeQ SoC, REM (Road Experience Management) crowdsourced HD mapping, and True Redundancy architecture.
Mobileye · robotaxis · 4 deployments
View spec - DiDi Autonomous Driving (Gemini)[PILOT][2020]
DiDi Autonomous Driving is Didi Chuxing's L4 robotaxi technology platform.
Didi Chuxing · robotaxis · 3 deployments
View spec - VW ID. Buzz AD[PILOT][2023–2026]
VW ID.
Volkswagen Group · robotaxis · 3 deployments
View spec - Motional IONIQ 5 Robotaxi[PILOT][2026]
Motional's purpose-built robotaxi platform based on the Hyundai IONIQ 5 electric crossover, featuring 30-plus sensors including lidar, radar, and cameras for full 360-degree coverage.
Motional · robotaxis · 3 deployments
View spec - Uber ATG Self-Driving Vehicle (Volvo XC90)[PILOT][2024]
Uber ATG's self-driving test vehicle platform, based on the Volvo XC90 with redundant steering and braking systems.
Uber ATG · robotaxis · 2 deployments
View spec - MoveEz Robotaxi[PILOT][2025–2026]
MoveEz Robotaxi is an autonomous vehicle platform using proprietary mapless navigation technology and all-weather perception systems (imaging radar plus LiDAR fusion) to enable Level 4 robotaxi service without reliance on HD 3D maps.
MoveEz · robotaxis · 2 deployments
View spec - Verne Robotaxi[PILOT][2026]
Verne's robotaxi service uses electric vehicles equipped with Pony.ai's seventh-generation autonomous driving system, operating commercially in Zagreb since April 2026.
Verne · robotaxis · 1 deployment
View spec - ID. Buzz AD[PILOT][2026]
The Volkswagen ID.
MOIA · robotaxis · 1 deployment
View spec - Heron / DriveHeron[PILOT][2026]
Turing's multimodal AI foundation model for autonomous driving.
Turing · robotaxis · 1 deployment
View spec - Didi Robotaxi[PILOT][2025]
Didi Autonomous Driving, the autonomous-vehicle subsidiary of the Chinese ride-hailing giant Didi Chuxing, is a distinct Level-4 robotaxi stack developer rather than a ride-hailing aggregator, and the one genuine missing active Chinese robotaxi operator beyond Baidu, Pony.ai, and WeRide.
Didi Autonomous Driving · robotaxis · 1 deployment
View spec - Cruise Origin[PILOT][2022]
Cruise Origin was GM Cruise's purpose-built autonomous shuttle: no steering wheel or pedals, with campfire-style bench seating for up to six passengers, designed exclusively for driverless commercial robotaxi service.
Cruise · robotaxis · 1 deployment
View spec - Nuro R2[RESEARCH][2018–2024]
Second-generation Nuro autonomous road vehicle.
Nuro · robotaxis · 7 deployments
View spec
Real-World Incidents & Failure Modes
[451 Logged]- Waymo recalls 3800 robotaxis after vehicle drove into flooded roadway[RECALL]
May 12, 2026 · Waymo · Waymo Driver (6th gen) · Sacramento, California, USA
Details - Waymo recalls ~3800 robotaxis over risk of entering flooded roads[RECALL]
May 12, 2026 · Waymo · Waymo Driver (6th gen) · Sacramento, California, USA
Details - Waymo recalls approximately 3,800 robotaxis over risk of driving into flooded roads[RECALL]
May 12, 2026 · Waymo · Waymo Driver (6th gen) · Sacramento, California, USA
Details - NHTSA opens investigation into Avride after 16 crashes in Dallas and Austin[REGULATORY ACTION]
May 8, 2026 · Avride · Avride Robotaxi (Hyundai Ioniq 5) · Austin
Details - Waymo recalls 3,791 5th/6th-gen ADS vehicles over flooded roadway detection failure[RECALL]
May 6, 2026 · Waymo · Waymo Driver (6th gen) · Portland, Oregon, USA
Details - Waymo recalls 3,791 ADS-equipped vehicles over flooded roadway detection failure (NHTSA 26E026)[RECALL]
May 6, 2026 · Waymo · Waymo Driver (6th gen) · Sacramento, California, USA
Details - NHTSA opened an investigation into Avride after 16 robotaxi crashes in Dallas and Austin[REGULATORY ACTION]
May 6, 2026 · Avride · Avride delivery robot · Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
Details - ADS crash report in San Francisco, CA involving a JAGUAR I-PACE (NHTSA SGO 30270-15096)[COLLISION]
May 1, 2026 · Waymo · Waymo Driver (6th gen) · Sacramento, California, USA
Details - ADS crash report in Atlanta, GA involving a JAGUAR I-PACE (NHTSA SGO 30270-15073)[COLLISION]
May 1, 2026 · Waymo · Waymo Driver (6th gen) · Sacramento, California, USA
Details - ADS crash report in Los Angeles, CA involving a JAGUAR I-PACE (NHTSA SGO 30270-15011)[COLLISION]
May 1, 2026 · Waymo · Waymo Driver (6th gen) · Sacramento, California, USA
Details - ADS crash report in Inglewood, CA involving a JAGUAR I-PACE (NHTSA SGO 30270-15246)[COLLISION]
May 1, 2026 · Waymo · Waymo Driver (6th gen) · Sacramento, California, USA
Details - ADS crash report in San Francisco, CA involving a JAGUAR I-PACE (NHTSA SGO 30270-15160)[COLLISION]
May 1, 2026 · Waymo · Waymo Driver (6th gen) · Sacramento, California, USA
Details - ADS crash report in Atlanta, GA involving a JAGUAR I-PACE (NHTSA SGO 30270-15067)[COLLISION]
May 1, 2026 · Waymo · Waymo Driver (6th gen) · Sacramento, California, USA
Details - ADS crash report in Culver City, CA involving a JAGUAR I-PACE (NHTSA SGO 30270-15102)[COLLISION]
May 1, 2026 · Waymo · Waymo Driver (6th gen) · Sacramento, California, USA
Details - ADS crash report in Phoenix, AZ involving a JAGUAR I-PACE (NHTSA SGO 30270-15253)[COLLISION]
May 1, 2026 · Waymo · Waymo Driver (6th gen) · Sacramento, California, USA
Details
Active Manufacturers & Operators
[108 Tracked]- Waymo
[SUBSIDIARY] · 5 models · 72 deployments · Funding: $27.1B
Inspect - Tesla
[PUBLIC] · 4 models · 40 deployments
Inspect - Aurora Innovation
[PUBLIC] · 4 models · 34 deployments · Funding: $1.9B
Inspect - Zoox
[SUBSIDIARY] · 1 models · 30 deployments · Funding: $1.8B
Inspect - Nuro
[PRIVATE] · 3 models · 26 deployments · Funding: $2.3B
Inspect - Avride
[SUBSIDIARY] · 2 models · 23 deployments · Funding: $375M
Inspect - May Mobility
[PRIVATE] · 1 models · 15 deployments · Funding: $173M
Inspect - Pony AI
[PUBLIC] · 1 models · 14 deployments · Funding: $664M
Inspect - Gatik
[PRIVATE] · 2 models · 12 deployments · Funding: $85M
Inspect - Plus
[PRIVATE] · 2 models · 8 deployments · Funding: $740M
Inspect - Cruise
[SUBSIDIARY] · 2 models · 9 deployments · Funding: $6.2B
Inspect - Beep
[ACTIVE] · 1 models · 7 deployments · Funding: see investors →
Inspect - Baidu
[PUBLIC] · 2 models · 7 deployments · Funding: $1.5B
Inspect - EasyMile
[ACTIVE] · 2 models · 7 deployments · Funding: $55M
Inspect - Tier IV
[PUBLIC] · 1 models · 6 deployments · Funding: $373M
Inspect
Regulatory Policies & Safety Standards
[139 Filings]- NHTSA Engineering Analysis EA26002: Tesla FSD Reduced-Visibility Crash Investigation (3.2M Vehicles)[in effect]
United States · operational restriction
Inspect filing - NHTSA Investigation: Waymo Robotaxis Passing Stopped School Buses[in effect]
United States · other
Inspect filing - NHTSA Proposed FMVSS 102 Amendment to Exempt AVs from Transmission Shift Visibility Requirements[proposed]
United States · operational restriction
Inspect filing - NHTSA Recall: Waymo 3,791 Robotaxis Over Flooded Road Incident (San Antonio, OTA Fix)[in effect]
United States · operational restriction
Inspect filing - NHTSA Recall: Waymo 5th Gen Robotaxi Software Update (505 Units)[in effect]
United States · operational restriction
Inspect filing - NHTSA Recall: Zoox Robotaxi Pedestrian Collision Risk Software Update[in effect]
United States · operational restriction
Inspect filing - NHTSA Recall: Zoox Robotaxi Software Update for Heavy Smoke Visibility (26E044)[in effect]
United States · operational restriction
Inspect filing - NHTSA Reviewing Robomart Exemption Application for Low-Speed Autonomous Vehicle[proposed]
United States · permit
Inspect filing - NHTSA SGO: ADS and Level 2 ADAS Crash Reporting Requirements (2026 Comment Period)[in effect]
United States · operational restriction
Inspect filing - NHTSA Third Amended Standing General Order on ADS/ADAS Crash Reporting[in effect]
United States · safety standard
Inspect filing - NIST AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0): Voluntary Guidelines for Trustworthy AI[in effect]
United States · safety standard
Inspect filing - NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0: Expanded Coverage for Autonomous Systems[in effect]
United States · safety standard
Inspect filing - NIST Trustworthy AI in Critical Infrastructure Profile (2026)[in effect]
United States · safety standard
Inspect filing - NVIDIA H20 China export licensing requirement (April 2025)[in effect]
United States · operational restriction
Inspect filing - SELF DRIVE Act of 2026 — Federal AV Preemption Framework[proposed]
United States · operational restriction
Inspect filing
AI Foundations & Model Brains
[12 Stacks]- Apollo ADFM (Baidu)[Verified Stack]
Powers: Apollo RT6
- Aurora Driver[Verified Stack]
Powers: Aurora Driver, Aurora Driver on International LT (2nd-gen), Aurora Driver on Peterbilt 579 (PACCAR), Volvo VNL Autonomous
- Avride ADS[Verified Stack]
Powers: Avride delivery robot, Avride Robotaxi (Hyundai Ioniq 5)
- Gatik Driver[Verified Stack]
Powers: Gatik Autonomous Box Truck, Gatik Autonomous Drive
- Mobileye Drive[Verified Stack]
Powers: Mobileye Drive, Volvo EX90, VW ID. Buzz AD
- Nuro Driver[Verified Stack]
Powers: Nuro Autonomous Prius, Nuro R2, Nuro R3
- Plus SuperDrive[Verified Stack]
Powers: PlusDrive, Plus SuperDrive Autonomous Truck
- PonyWorld (Pony.ai Virtual Driver)[Verified Stack]
Powers: Pony Gen-7 Robotaxi
- Tesla FSD-Bot[Verified Stack]
Powers: Cybercab, Tesla Optimus, Tesla Robotaxi (Model Y ADS), Semi
- VLT (XPENG VLA / VLA 2.0)[Verified Stack]
Powers: XPeng IRON, XPENG Robotaxi
- Waymo Driver[Verified Stack]
Powers: Waymo Driver (6th gen), Ojai, Waymo Via (autonomous trucking)
- WeRide One[Verified Stack]
Powers: Robotaxi GXR